SRL

  • ЁЯМП тАЬNepalтАЩs Gen Z Uprising: How a Digital Ban Sparked a Revolution for Freedom and JusticeтАЭ

    ЁЯУС Table of Contents

    1. Introduction тАУ Why NepalтАЩs Gen Z Took to the Streets
    2. The Silent Frustration: Why Youth Were Already Restless
    3. The Spark That Lit the Fire: NepalтАЩs Social Media Ban
    4. How the Protests Unfolded: A Timeline of Resistance
    5. Faces of the Uprising: How Gen Z Redefined Protest
    6. What Protesters Demanded from the Government
    7. Turning Point: From Bans to Resignations
    8. Why the Gen Z Movement Matters for NepalтАЩs Future
    9. Challenges and Roadblocks Ahead
    10. The Road Ahead: Can Youth Power Reshape Nepal?
    11. Conclusion тАУ A Generation That Refuses to Be Silenced
    12. FAQs on NepalтАЩs Gen Z Protest

    Introduction

    September 2025 will forever be etched in NepalтАЩs history as the month when Gen Z тАФ the countryтАЩs youngest and most fearless generation тАФ stood up against power. What began as frustration over a social media ban quickly turned into one of the most powerful youth-driven protests the Himalayan nation has ever witnessed.

    These protests werenтАЩt just about losing access to Instagram, Facebook, or YouTube. They were about freedom, opportunity, and dignity. For thousands of Nepali youths, the ban symbolized something bigger: decades of corruption, nepotism, and political betrayal. The voices of NepalтАЩs Gen Z roared through the streets, shaking the political foundations and forcing powerful leaders to step down.

    This is not just a story about protests тАФ itтАЩs about a generational awakening.


    Why Gen Z in Nepal Was Already Restless

    video by DD INDIA

    For years, NepalтАЩs youth have lived with a sense of disappointment. Political leaders promised democracy, but instability, corruption, and elite favoritism became the norm.

    • Corruption and Political Stagnation тАУ Since the end of monarchy in 2008, governments have toppled one after another. Leaders clung to power, but scandals, nepotism, and broken promises left citizens disillusioned.
    • Joblessness and Migration тАУ With few opportunities at home, millions of young Nepalis sought work abroad, often in harsh conditions. For many, migration became the only survival option.
    • Digital Generation, Higher Expectations тАУ Unlike their parents, todayтАЩs youth grew up online. They connect globally, learn from others, and expect freedom of expression. Losing digital platforms felt like losing their own identity.
    • The тАЬNepo KidsтАЭ Factor тАУ Social media was flooded with the contrast between wealthy political families flaunting luxury lifestyles while ordinary students struggled to pay tuition or find jobs. This inequality fueled anger.

    In short, the fire was already burning тАФ the social media ban was the final spark.


    The Trigger: A Ban That Backfired

    In early September 2025, Prime Minister K.P. Sharma OliтАЩs government blocked 26 social media platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, WhatsApp, YouTube, and X. Officials justified it as an attempt to regulate тАЬfake newsтАЭ and unregistered platforms.

    But to Gen Z, this wasnтАЩt about regulation тАФ it was about silencing voices. Social media is where they learn, create, connect, and even earn money. Overnight, their digital lifeline was cut.

    Instead of silencing youth, the ban pushed them onto the streets.


    How the Protests Exploded

    A Timeline of Resistance

    DateEvent
    Sept 4, 2025Government blocks 26 social media platforms.
    Sept 8Peaceful youth gatherings erupt in Kathmandu. Students in uniforms join marches.
    Sept 9-10Protests spread nationwide тАФ from Biratnagar to Pokhara. Clashes with police intensify.
    Sept 11Violence escalates. At least 19 killed, hundreds injured. The nation mourns.
    Sept 12Home Minister resigns. Social media ban lifted.
    Sept 13Prime Minister Oli resigns. Plans for fresh elections announced.

    The Faces of the Movement

    This uprising was different from past revolutions:

    • Led by Students, Not Politicians тАУ Teenagers, university students, and first-time protestors dominated the streets.
    • Fueled by Hashtags тАУ Despite the ban, VPNs and alternative tools kept digital activism alive. тАЬ#NepoKidsтАЭ and тАЬ#LetUsSpeakтАЭ became rallying cries.
    • Leaderless but United тАУ There was no single face or political party in charge. Instead, it was a collective voice of a generation.
    • Peaceful Yet Powerful тАУ While clashes broke out, most protests carried music, placards, and chants that symbolized hope rather than hate.

    This was Gen ZтАЩs fight for dignity тАФ and they werenтАЩt going to stop until they were heard.


    What Protesters Demanded

    The list of demands echoed through KathmanduтАЩs streets:

    • Restore freedom of digital expression.
    • End corruption and hold leaders accountable.
    • Resignations of those responsible for ordering violent crackdowns.
    • Fresh elections and new leadership free of nepotism.
    • Better job opportunities and reforms for young people.

    The Turning Point

    The government underestimated the power of this generation. Instead of scattering, the crowds grew larger after each crackdown. The tragic deaths of young protestors only hardened public resolve.

    Finally, under unbearable pressure:

    • The social media ban was reversed.
    • The Home Minister resigned.
    • Prime Minister Oli stepped down.
    • A caretaker government announced elections.

    The youth had done what many thought impossible тАФ toppled one of NepalтАЩs most powerful leaders.


    Why This Movement Matters

    This was not just another protest. It was a generational shift in NepalтАЩs democracy.

    1. A Voice for the Future тАУ Gen Z proved they are not just тАЬfollowersтАЭ but leaders of change.
    2. Digital Rights = Human Rights тАУ Social media is not a luxury anymore; itтАЩs a lifeline.
    3. End of Political Immunity тАУ For the first time, leaders were forced to resign because youth demanded it.
    4. Global Inspiration тАУ NepalтАЩs uprising echoed similar youth protests worldwide, from Sri LankaтАЩs тАЬAragalayaтАЭ to climate marches in Europe.

    The Road Ahead

    Even though the protests succeeded in forcing resignations, the bigger battle has just begun.

    • Will new elections bring genuine change or recycled leaders?
    • Can corruption be dismantled, or will it return under new faces?
    • Will the youth continue their activism or fade into frustration?

    For lasting impact, Nepal needs structural reforms:

    • Transparent governance
    • Independent anti-corruption bodies
    • Youth-focused job policies
    • Strong protections for digital freedom

    If ignored, the spirit of September 2025 could return тАФ stronger and louder.


    Conclusion

    The Nepal Gen Z protests were about much more than Facebook or Instagram. They were about a generation demanding respect, fairness, and opportunity.

    The courage of young Nepalis has rewritten the political script of their country. Their voices declared:

    ЁЯСЙ тАЬWe are not the future anymore тАФ we are the present.тАЭ

    What happens next will decide if Nepal embraces the change its youth have fought and died for, or if history repeats itself.

    One thing is clear: Gen Z has awakened, and they will not be silenced again.

    Q1: What triggered the Nepal Gen Z protests in 2025?

    The protests began after the government banned 26 social media platforms, cutting off young peopleтАЩs main source of connection and expression. This ban, combined with frustration over corruption and nepotism, ignited nationwide demonstrations.

    Q2: What were the key demands of NepalтАЩs youth protesters?

    Protesters demanded digital freedom, accountability from corrupt leaders, resignations of those responsible for violence, fresh elections, and better opportunities for young citizens.

    Q3: What was the outcome of the protests?

    The protests led to the lifting of the social media ban, the resignation of NepalтАЩs Home Minister, and ultimately the resignation of Prime Minister K.P. Sharma Oli. A caretaker government announced fresh elections, marking a historic win for youth power.

  • The Ripple of Responsibility: OPEC+тАЩs October Oil Output Increase and What It Means for Us

    Table of Contents

    1. Setting the Scene: A Brief Background
    2. Why October Matters: The Emotional Weight of a Decision
    3. The Numbers Unveiled: What Exactly Is Changing
    4. Market Reverberations: Price, Supply, Sentiment
    5. Faces Behind the Figures: WhoтАЩs Impacted Most
    6. Looking Ahead: What Could Come Next
    7. Conclusion: Shared Responsibility in a Changing World
    8. Frequently Asked Questions

    1. Setting the Scene: A Brief Background

    In the ever-shifting sands of global energy and geopolitics, OPEC+тАФa union that unites OPEC members with key allies like RussiaтАФhas long walked a tightrope between market stabilization and regional stability. Formed to better coordinate oil policy, the group wields a unique influence over crude supply, prices, and the shared economic heartbeat of nations.
    In 2025, OPEC+ enacted sweeping production changesтАФbeginning in April, it reversed previous cuts with roughly 2.5 million barrels per day (bpd) returning to the market by September .


    1. Why October Matters: The Emotional Weight of a Decision

    October isnтАЩt just another monthтАФitтАЩs a juncture where supply meets strategy, where global demand softens, and where decisions ripple out to affect livelihoods, energy bills, and the environment.
    For producers, it is a hope for resilience amid waning demand. For consumers, itтАЩs the anxiety of rising costs. And for the world at large, it’s a poignant reminder that energy policy is never just technicalтАФitтАЩs personal.


    1. The Numbers Unveiled: What Exactly Is Changing

    Expected Increase: OPEC+ is set to raise oil production by 130,000 to 140,000 bpd beginning OctoberтАФa slower pace than prior months .

    Diverging Estimates: Some sources suggest it could be as high as 200,000 to 350,000 bpd, depending on final agreement .

    Strategic Rollback: This move signifies the unwinding of part of a 1.65 million bpd cut, gulping forward the anticipated phase-out that was initially scheduled through 2026 .

    Historical Context: In August, OPEC+ unlocked a hefty 547,000 bpd bump for September; October’s increment appears markedly more cautious .


    1. Market Reverberations: Price, Supply, Sentiment

    The global oil market is a delicate ecosystem. Incremental tweaks in supply can sway prices, shape investor sentiment, and steer policy.

    Price Pressure Mounts: Despite rising supply, crude prices have held near $66 per barrel, buoyed by sanctions on Russia and Iran and uneven output compliance .

    Investor Jitters: Rumors of earlier-than-planned unwinding of cuts spooked energy stocksтАФoil-linked equities like APA and Occidental slid, while service giants like Halliburton and Schlumberger also dipped .

    Glut vs. Growth: Analysts worry about a supply glut amid declining demand, though hopes for a relief rally still linger .


    1. Faces Behind the Figures: WhoтАЩs Impacted Most

    Beyond barrels and pricing, real lives hang in the balance.

    Producers: Nations like Saudi Arabia and the UAE remain among the few with spare output capacity, balancing strategic goals with resource constraints .

    Compliant vs. Struggling: Countries such as Iraq (amid production quota disputes) and those under sanctions like Russia face compliance challenges or restricted capacity .

    Global Consumers: From families feeling rising fuel costs to businesses recalibrating budgets around energy prices, the October decision will touch millionsтАФsubtly, yet significantly.


    1. Looking Ahead: What Could Come Next

    OPEC+тАЩs path isnтАЩt linear.

    Onwards or Pause?: Some sources indicate that after this hike, OPEC+ may consider pausing increasesтАФeven as early as October itself .

    Demand Dynamics: The end-of-season slumpтАФor potential reboundтАФwill shape whether further hikes make sense or backfire.

    Regulatory Role: External pressuresтАФfrom U.S. demands for lower energy prices to global calls for cleaner energyтАФremain strong influencers of OPEC+тАЩs next moves.


    1. Conclusion: Shared Responsibility in a Changing World

    This October increase is more than a barrel countтАФitтАЩs a statement: of evolving strategy, of market realities, and of the intertwined fate of producers and consumers. In an era marked by energy transitions, geopolitical tug-of-wars, and climate urgency, OPEC+тАЩs choices echo far beyond oil fieldsтАФinto the driveways of motorists, the ledgers of investors, and the honest conversation we each have with energy.

    Q1. Why is OPEC+ increasing production now, ahead of schedule?

    This decision stems from shifting prioritiesтАФfrom price stabilization to market share acquisitionтАФamid geopolitical pressure, particularly from the U.S., and slowing global demand. Accelerating the phase-out of cuts allows OPEC+ to hedge against non-OPEC supply growth .

    Q2. Could this production increase cause oil prices to fall dramatically?

    Yes, there is potential. Increased supply coupled with softer demandтАФparticularly post-summerтАФmay create downward pressure. Still, prices remain resilient due to sanctions and uneven production capacities .

    Q3. Who benefitsтАФand who may struggleтАФfrom this decision?

    Beneficiaries: Oil-consuming countries and consumers may see slight relief in prices.
    Struggling parties: Producers with tight capacity (like Iraq or sanctioned nations) must stretch output or face penalties. And investors face uncertainty as markets anticipate potential surplus

  • “Dailekh Petroleum Exploration Update: Nepal Awaits Final Report on Massive Methane Gas Reserves to Transform Energy Independence”

    Introduction: NepalтАЩs Energy Turning Point

    Nepal has long depended on imported fuel to meet its growing domestic and industrial energy needs. But in the remote hills of Dailekh, a potential energy revolution is quietly taking shape. Recent exploration in the Jaljale region has confirmed the existence of vast methane gas reserves deep beneath the surface.

    The country now awaits the much-anticipated final report, expected by December 2025, which could determine whether Nepal is ready to step into a new era of energy independence.


    Discovery in Dailekh: Methane Found at Historic Depths

    The exploration program began in 2021, led by NepalтАЩs Department of Mines and Geology in partnership with ChinaтАЩs Geological Survey and CNPC Xibu Drilling Engineering Co. The project drilled NepalтАЩs deepest well ever, reaching 4,013 meters underground.

    Samples taken from this first test well revealed approximately 112 billion cubic meters of methane gas. Further analysis of the other three potential wells has suggested that total reserves could reach as high as 430 billion cubic metersтАФa staggering volume that could reshape the nationтАЩs entire energy future.

    For a country that currently spends billions importing liquified petroleum gas (LPG) every year, the discovery offers a glimmer of hope for cost savings, economic growth, and energy security.


    Why the Dailekh Find Matters for Nepal

    This discovery is not just about numbersтАФit could change the way Nepal manages its economy and natural resources. If developed properly, methane reserves in Dailekh could:

    • Cut reliance on imports: Billions of rupees spent each year on foreign LPG could stay in the domestic economy.
    • Boost local employment: Drilling, refining, transport, and downstream industries would create thousands of jobs in western Nepal.
    • Support agriculture and industry: Methane can be used to produce fertilizers, support industrial feedstock, and power local factories.
    • Introduce cleaner fuel alternatives: Conversion to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) for transport could reduce costs and greenhouse emissions.

    As Prakash Luintel, geologist and spokesperson for NepalтАЩs Petroleum Exploration Project, highlighted:

    тАЬFor the first time in our history, methane has been confirmed at this depth. This discovery could play a crucial role in reducing dependence on imports and boosting domestic industries.тАЭ


    Awaiting the Final Report

    the video by WION

    The exploration team from China is preparing a detailed geological and geophysical report, which will be handed over to the Government of Nepal by December 2025.

    This document will provide comprehensive analysisтАФsuch as reserve quality, extraction feasibility, infrastructure needs, and commercial production viability. Only after its submission can Nepal chart a practical roadmap for tapping into these reserves.


    Government and Institutional Involvement

    To ensure the project moves forward smoothly, the Ministry of Industry, Commerce, and Supplies formed a special committee led by Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC) Director, Binitmani Upadhyay. Other members include:

    • Dharma Raj Khadka, Senior Geologist, Department of Mines and Geology
    • Manish Karna, Representative of the Petroleum Exploration Project
    • Deepti Paudel, Assistant Manager, NOC
    • Bhakta Bhandari, Mechanical Engineer, NOC

    This committee has already conducted site visits and is expected to submit its own recommendations to the government soon. Their findings will help shape decisions on whether Nepal is ready for commercial production and large-scale investment.


    Strategic Value for NepalтАЩs Future

    The Dailekh methane reserves could be a game-changer across multiple sectors:

    1. Household Energy Security тАУ Cheaper domestic cooking fuel could replace imported LPG, making life easier for ordinary households.
    2. Fertilizer Production тАУ Local methane supply could support fertilizer plants, reducing dependence on costly imports that burden NepalтАЩs farmers.
    3. Transportation Sector тАУ Development of CNG infrastructure could transform public transport and private vehicle use.
    4. Industrial Growth тАУ Energy-intensive industries could thrive with reliable, affordable local energy.
    5. Employment Opportunities тАУ From drilling to refining to distribution, thousands of Nepali workers could benefit directly.

    Timeline of the Exploration

    StageYear/PeriodProgress
    Exploration & Drilling2021тАУ2024Deepest well in Nepal drilled (4,013 meters); preliminary methane samples collected.
    Preliminary ReportJune 2025Confirmation of 112 billion cubic meters of methane gas; potential total 430 billion cubic meters estimated.
    Final Report ExpectedDecember 2025Detailed geological, geophysical, and economic viability data from Chinese survey team.
    Government ReviewLate 2025NOC committee to recommend steps for production, refining, and infrastructure.
    Pilot Production PhasePost-2025Potential launch of small-scale test production if feasibility confirmed.

    Voices from Dailekh: Hope and Urgency

    For the people of Dailekh, this discovery is about more than just numbers on a government report. It represents long-delayed development and the possibility of better livelihoods.

    Local resident Dhirja Thapa, age 66, expressed her hopes plainly:

    тАЬThe land has already been handed over for drilling, but development hasnтАЩt reached us yet. If these reserves bring industries and jobs, then all our sacrifices will finally make sense.тАЭ

    Such sentiments reflect the deep anticipation within the local community, which has been waiting for years for exploration promises to translate into tangible development.

    Conclusion: A Defining Moment for Nepal

    The discovery of massive methane reserves in Dailekh could mark a turning point in NepalтАЩs economic and energy history. With the final report due in December 2025, the nation stands at the edge of an opportunity that could reduce dependency on imports, foster rural development, and create new industries.

    If handled wisely, DailekhтАЩs methane discovery will not just power homes and industriesтАФit could fuel a more self-reliant Nepal for generations to come.

    1. When will the final report on DailekhтАЩs petroleum exploration be released?

    The final detailed report from the Chinese Geological Survey team is scheduled to be delivered to NepalтАЩs Government by December 2025. It will determine whether commercial methane production is feasible.

    2. How much methane gas has been discovered in Dailekh?

    Preliminary findings confirm 112 billion cubic meters of methane in the first well, with combined reserves from all four wells potentially reaching 430 billion cubic meters. This could supply NepalтАЩs energy needs for several decades.

    3. What impact could the Dailekh methane reserves have on NepalтАЩs economy?

    If commercially viable, the reserves could reduce LPG imports, strengthen domestic fertilizer and industrial production, provide cleaner transport fuel options, and generate employment in Dailekh and beyond.

  • How to Get a Petrol Pump Licence in Nepal: A Complete Guide

    Opening a petrol pump, also known as a fuel station, is one of the most profitable and long-term businesses in Nepal. With the rapid increase in vehicles, infrastructure growth, and dependency on petroleum products, the demand for petrol, diesel, and other fuels continues to grow every year. That is why many entrepreneurs and investors in Nepal consider obtaining a petrol pump licence as a stable and sustainable business opportunity.

    In Nepal, the distribution and supply of petroleum products are strictly regulated by Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC) тАУ the government-owned enterprise that has the monopoly over importing, storing, and distributing fuel across the country. Therefore, anyone who wishes to operate a petrol pump must meet the eligibility requirements, follow the proper process, and obtain a licence directly from NOC.

    This article will provide a complete step-by-step guide on how to get a petrol pump licence in Nepal, the eligibility criteria, investment requirements, documentation, approval stages, and frequently asked questions.


    1. Understanding the Petrol Pump Business in Nepal

    Before applying for a petrol pump licence, it is important to understand how the petroleum distribution system works in Nepal.

    Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC) is the only authority that imports petroleum products from India and other countries.

    NOC then supplies the products to different fuel stations (petrol pumps), which are run by private entrepreneurs or cooperatives under licence agreements.

    These pumps sell petrol, diesel, kerosene, and in some cases, LPG and lubricants, directly to consumers.

    Since NOC controls the entire supply chain, every fuel station in Nepal must operate under its rules and policies. Without an official licence, no individual or company can run a petrol pump legally.


    1. Why Open a Petrol Pump in Nepal?

    The idea of opening a petrol pump attracts many business minds because:

    1. Growing Demand for Fuel тАУ NepalтАЩs vehicle numbers are increasing by more than 10% every year. More vehicles mean higher demand for petrol and diesel.
    2. Stable Business Model тАУ Unlike other businesses that fluctuate, petrol pump sales are steady because fuel is a necessity.
    3. Government Support тАУ Since fuel supply is essential, NOC supports operators with guaranteed product supply (depending on region and demand).
    4. Long-Term Investment тАУ A petrol pump requires a large initial investment but ensures consistent returns for decades.
    5. Additional Services тАУ Many pumps also provide car washing, lubricants, mini-shops, and charging stations for EVs, creating extra income streams.

    1. Eligibility Criteria for Petrol Pump Licence in Nepal

    To apply for a licence, applicants must meet certain eligibility standards set by Nepal Oil Corporation. These may vary slightly depending on the location (urban, semi-urban, rural), but the general requirements are:

    a) Ownership and Legal Status

    The applicant must be a Nepali citizen or a legally registered company/cooperative in Nepal.

    Companies must be registered under the Company Act of Nepal.

    b) Land Requirement

    The most important eligibility factor is land availability.

    Minimum road frontage required is usually between 100тАУ200 feet, depending on the location.

    The total land area required is approximately 10,000тАУ20,000 sq. feet for highways and 5,000тАУ10,000 sq. feet for city areas.

    The land must be in the applicantтАЩs name, or a legally leased property with proof.

    c) Financial Capacity

    The applicant must show proof of financial capacity, which means having sufficient capital to build infrastructure and manage operations.

    On average, opening a petrol pump in Nepal requires an investment of NPR 3тАУ5 crore (including land, construction, equipment, and working capital).

    d) Compliance with Safety Norms

    The location of the petrol pump must follow safety rules such as maintaining a certain distance from schools, hospitals, and residential buildings.

    Firefighting, environmental clearance, and pollution control measures are mandatory.


    1. Documents Required for Petrol Pump Licence Application

    When applying to Nepal Oil Corporation, the following documents are usually required:

    1. Application Letter addressed to NOC.
    2. Citizenship Certificate of the applicant (if an individual).
    3. Company Registration Certificate, PAN, and VAT certificate (if a company/cooperative).
    4. Land Ownership Documents (Lalpurja/Title Deed).
    5. Lease Agreement (if land is leased).
    6. Land Location Map approved by the local authority.
    7. Financial Documents тАУ Bank statement, source of funds, and net worth certificate.
    8. Blueprint and Layout Plan of the proposed petrol pump.
    9. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) or Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) clearance certificate.
    10. Tax Clearance Certificate (if applicable).
    11. No Objection Certificate (NOC) from the local municipality or ward office.

    1. Step-by-Step Process to Get a Petrol Pump Licence in Nepal

    Now let us go through the step-by-step procedure of obtaining a licence:

    Step 1: Research and Land Selection

    Identify a strategic location with high traffic flow such as highways, city entry points, or major road intersections.

    Make sure the land size and road frontage meet NOC requirements.

    Verify land documents and ownership.

    Step 2: Prepare the Proposal

    Draft a detailed proposal including land details, expected demand, financial capacity, and business plan.

    Attach maps, land blueprints, and photographs of the site.

    Step 3: Submit Application to Nepal Oil Corporation

    Submit the application with all required documents at the NOC regional office (according to your province).

    Pay the required application fee.

    Step 4: Verification and Site Inspection

    After submission, NOC officials will verify the documents.

    A technical team will conduct site inspection to check if the land and location meet requirements.

    Step 5: Environmental and Safety Clearance

    Obtain approval from the Ministry of Forests and Environment (EIA or IEE clearance).

    Ensure firefighting systems, underground tank arrangements, and safety measures are included in your plan.

    Step 6: Approval and Licence Issuance

    If the site is suitable and all documents are valid, NOC grants a Letter of Intent (LOI).

    After completing construction as per NOCтАЩs technical specifications, the applicant must request a final inspection.

    Once the inspection is successful, NOC issues the operational licence.

    Step 7: Infrastructure Construction

    Construct the petrol pump infrastructure including:

    Underground fuel tanks

    Dispensers and pumps

    Office building

    Canopy and signage

    Safety equipment (fire extinguishers, sand buckets, alarms)

    Toilets and customer waiting areas

    Step 8: Agreement with NOC

    A formal dealership agreement is signed with Nepal Oil Corporation.

    The operator commits to selling petroleum products only from NOC and at government-regulated prices.


    1. Investment and Cost Breakdown

    The total cost of opening a petrol pump in Nepal depends on land price, construction, and equipment. On average, it ranges from NPR 3 crore to 5 crore.

    Major Cost Heads:

    1. Land Purchase/Lease тАУ NPR 1тАУ3 crore (depending on location).
    2. Construction (tanks, canopy, office, toilets, etc.) тАУ NPR 50тАУ80 lakhs.
    3. Fuel Dispensing Machines тАУ NPR 25тАУ40 lakhs.
    4. Firefighting & Safety Equipment тАУ NPR 10тАУ15 lakhs.
    5. Environmental Clearance & Approvals тАУ NPR 5тАУ10 lakhs.
    6. Working Capital тАУ NPR 50 lakhsтАУ1 crore.

    1. Challenges in Obtaining Petrol Pump Licence

    While profitable, the process of obtaining a licence is not always smooth. Some common challenges include:

    1. High Investment Requirement тАУ Only financially strong individuals or companies can afford the initial setup.
    2. Land Availability тАУ Finding suitable land with proper road frontage is difficult in urban areas.
    3. Lengthy Approval Process тАУ Getting environmental and safety clearance can take months.
    4. Bureaucratic Hurdles тАУ Paperwork and site inspections may cause delays.
    5. Strict Monopoly тАУ Since NOC is the only supplier, operators cannot import fuel themselves.

    1. Tips for Success in Petrol Pump Business in Nepal
    2. Choose Location Wisely тАУ Highways and major road intersections guarantee higher sales.
    3. Maintain Safety Standards тАУ Fire safety and environmental rules must be strictly followed.
    4. Customer Service тАУ Train staff for polite behavior, accurate fuel dispensing, and quick service.
    5. Diversify Income тАУ Add lubricants, tyre shops, convenience stores, and EV charging points.
    6. Maintain Transparency тАУ Avoid malpractice in fuel measurement to build trust.

    1. Future of Petrol Pump Business in Nepal

    With the government promoting electric vehicles (EVs), some people worry about the future of petrol pumps. However, experts believe fuel stations will remain profitable for at least the next 15тАУ20 years, as the majority of vehicles still depend on petrol and diesel.

    Moreover, petrol pumps can adapt by adding EV charging stations alongside fuel dispensing. This will ensure long-term sustainability and relevance.


    Conclusion

    Getting a petrol pump licence in Nepal is a lengthy but rewarding process. With the right land, financial resources, and compliance with NOCтАЩs requirements, entrepreneurs can secure a licence and build a profitable business. Although the investment is high, the steady demand for fuel ensures long-term revenue and stability.

    If you are planning to apply, start with proper research, arrange finances, secure suitable land, and prepare all documents. Once you meet NOCтАЩs eligibility criteria, you can confidently move forward in the application process.

    Q1. What is the minimum investment required to open a petrol pump in Nepal?

    The average investment required is between NPR 3 crore to 5 crore, including land, infrastructure, equipment, and working capital.

    Q2. Can a foreign national open a petrol pump in Nepal?

    No, only Nepali citizens or registered Nepali companies/cooperatives are allowed to obtain a petrol pump licence.

    Q3. How much land is required to open a petrol pump in Nepal?

    On highways, around 10,000тАУ20,000 sq. feet of land with 100тАУ200 feet of road frontage is required, while in urban areas around 5,000тАУ10,000 sq. feet may be sufficient.

  • Nepal Oil Corporation Announces New Fuel Prices from September 1, 2025 тАУ Complete Details on Petrol, Diesel, and Kerosene Rates

    Introduction

    The Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC), the state-owned entity responsible for petroleum imports and distribution in Nepal, has officially announced a revision in fuel prices effective from September 1, 2025 (Bhadra 15, 2082). The latest price adjustment comes in response to the updated international market rates received from the Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) on August 31, 2025.

    As a landlocked country, Nepal imports all of its petroleum products from India through IOC. Therefore, every price adjustment at the international level directly impacts Nepali consumers. Fuel prices in Nepal are revised regularly based on international market fluctuations, import costs, and supply chain factors.

    In this latest revision, petrol, diesel, and kerosene have seen notable changes. The NOC has also provided detailed figures related to import costs, selling prices, and government subsidies. Let us explore the complete details of this price revision and what it means for the Nepali public, industries, and overall economy.


    Key Highlights of the New Fuel Prices (Effective September 1, 2025)

    According to the new price list:

    • Petrol (Gasoline):
      • Previous price per liter: NPR 173.56
      • New price per liter: NPR 179.04
    • Diesel & Kerosene:
      • Previous price per liter: NPR 155.85
      • New price per liter: NPR 160.45
    • Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF):
      • Domestic airlines: NPR 126.10 per liter
      • International airlines: USD 0.676 per liter

    These prices will remain in effect from September 1, 2025, until further notice or adjustments based on international market updates.


    Detailed Explanation of the Price Revision

    1. Petrol (Gasoline)

    Petrol is one of the most widely consumed fuels in Nepal, especially in urban centers like Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar, and other major cities. With the increase of NPR 5.48 per liter, motorists and two-wheeler riders will now be paying NPR 179.04 per liter.

    This rise is mainly due to global crude oil price fluctuations and refined product costs. Since Nepal heavily depends on imports, even minor changes in the international market immediately influence domestic rates.

    2. Diesel & Kerosene

    Diesel and kerosene are lifelines for NepalтАЩs transportation, industrial, and agricultural sectors. Diesel is the primary fuel for buses, trucks, tractors, and heavy machinery, while kerosene is widely used in rural areas for cooking and lighting.

    The latest adjustment raises the price by NPR 4.60 per liter, bringing the new selling price to NPR 160.45 per liter. Although the increase may seem modest, it will have a cascading effect on transportation costs, goods delivery, and overall market inflation.

    3. Aviation Fuel

    Fuel for aviation has also seen adjustments. Domestic airlines will now pay NPR 126.10 per liter, while international airlines will pay USD 0.676 per liter. This change may affect airfares, especially in domestic travel where fuel costs are a major portion of operational expenses.


    Reasons Behind the Price Hike

    The revision is based on the price list received from Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), NepalтАЩs only petroleum supplier. Several factors contribute to these frequent changes:

    1. Global Crude Oil Prices тАУ The cost of crude oil in international markets has been volatile due to supply-demand imbalances, geopolitical issues, and OPEC production decisions.
    2. Refining & Transportation Costs тАУ Since Nepal does not have its own refinery, refined fuel is imported directly from India, making costs dependent on IOCтАЩs pricing.
    3. Exchange Rate Fluctuations тАУ The Nepalese Rupee (NPR) is directly linked to the Indian Rupee (INR), which in turn is affected by U.S. Dollar exchange rates. Any devaluation leads to higher import costs.
    4. Government Taxation тАУ A significant portion of the fuel price includes customs duty, VAT, infrastructure tax, and other levies imposed by the government.

    Economic Impact of the Fuel Price Hike

    1. Transportation Sector

    The first and most visible impact will be on public transportation fares and logistics costs. Buses, trucks, and taxis running on diesel will see higher operating expenses. This will likely result in increased fares for passengers and higher delivery costs for goods.

    2. Inflation in Goods and Commodities

    Since fuel plays a central role in supply chains, even a small increase can push up the price of essential commodities such as food, vegetables, construction materials, and daily necessities.

    3. Aviation & Tourism

    Airlines, particularly domestic carriers, will feel the burden of higher ATF prices. As a result, airfare hikes may discourage budget travelers, indirectly affecting NepalтАЩs tourism sector.

    4. Household Expenses

    Motorcycle and car users will directly feel the pinch of higher petrol prices. Likewise, families in rural areas that rely on kerosene will experience increased expenses, further straining household budgets.


    Government and NOCтАЩs Perspective

    The Nepal Oil Corporation has clarified that despite the increase, the prices are still below the actual import costs. In fact, NOC is incurring losses due to the policy of price stabilization. For example, the breakeven price of petrol and diesel is higher than the selling price, which means the corporation is absorbing the losses temporarily.

    This subsidy-like approach is often criticized because it burdens NOC with huge debts, but the government adopts it as a measure to control inflation and protect the general public.


    Historical Trend of Fuel Prices in Nepal

    Fuel prices in Nepal have been on a roller-coaster ride for decades:

    • In 2014, petrol had reached as high as NPR 150 per liter due to global crude price hikes.
    • In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, petrol prices had dropped to NPR 96 per liter because of collapsed demand worldwide.
    • In 2022-23, the Russia-Ukraine war triggered another spike, pushing petrol close to NPR 200 per liter.

    These fluctuations highlight NepalтАЩs vulnerability as a fully import-dependent country.


    Future Outlook

    Analysts believe that petroleum prices will remain volatile in the coming months due to global market uncertainties. Rising demand in Asia, production cuts by OPEC+, and geopolitical tensions in the Middle East are expected to keep oil prices high.

    Nepal is therefore exploring long-term alternatives such as:

    • Renewable Energy Promotion тАУ Encouraging solar and hydropower-based transportation.
    • Electric Vehicles (EVs) тАУ Policies to promote EVs to reduce petroleum dependency.
    • Energy Efficiency Programs тАУ Awareness campaigns to minimize fuel wastage and promote efficient usage.

    Conclusion

    The latest revision of petroleum prices by Nepal Oil Corporation has once again reminded the nation of its dependence on imported fuel and the challenges of maintaining economic stability amid global uncertainties. With petrol now at NPR 179.04 and diesel/kerosene at NPR 160.45, the burden on consumers and businesses is set to rise.

    While the government tries to balance between international prices and domestic affordability, the long-term solution lies in reducing dependence on fossil fuels through sustainable energy adoption. Until then, every revision from IOC will continue to affect the wallets of Nepali citizens.

    1. Why did Nepal Oil Corporation increase fuel prices on September 1, 2025?

    The increase is based on updated import prices from the Indian Oil Corporation, reflecting global crude oil market changes, exchange rate fluctuations, and refining costs.

    2. How much will consumers now pay for petrol and diesel in Nepal?

    From September 1, 2025, petrol costs NPR 179.04 per liter, while diesel and kerosene cost NPR 160.45 per liter.

    3. Will the new prices affect transportation and daily expenses in Nepal?

    Yes, higher fuel prices will increase transportation fares, goods delivery costs, and household expenses, ultimately leading to inflation in essential commodities.

  • How Does the Electric Vehicle Tax Credit Work? A Complete Guide for 2025

    The electric vehicle (EV) market has experienced a massive surge in popularity over the past decade. From Tesla to Rivian, Ford to Hyundai, automakers are investing billions into EV technology. Alongside this transition, governments worldwideтАФespecially the United StatesтАФare offering financial incentives to encourage consumers to shift from gas-powered vehicles to environmentally friendly alternatives.

    One of the most significant incentives available to American EV buyers is the Electric Vehicle (EV) Tax Credit. However, many people are still confused about how exactly this tax credit works, who qualifies, and how much they can save.

    In this comprehensive guide, weтАЩll break down everything you need to know about the EV tax credit in 2025, including eligibility requirements, how to claim it, which vehicles qualify, income limits, common misconceptions, and importantly, how to claim the EV tax credit on taxes. By the end of this article, youтАЩll be equipped with a clear understanding of how the EV tax credit can benefit you, including detailed insights on how to claim the EV tax credit on taxes.


    What Is the Electric Vehicle Tax Credit?

    The Electric Vehicle Tax Credit is a federal incentive designed to encourage consumers to buy or lease electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles. It was first introduced in 2008 under the Energy Improvement and Extension Act and has since evolved through various legislative updates, most recently through the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA).

    The credit allows eligible taxpayers to claim up to $7,500 when purchasing a qualifying new electric or plug-in hybrid vehicle. Starting in 2024, consumers can also use the credit at the point of sale, meaning they can apply the credit directly toward the vehicleтАЩs price at the dealership instead of waiting until tax season.


    Why Was the EV Tax Credit Created?

    The U.S. government introduced the EV tax credit for several reasons:

    1. Promote clean energy adoption тАУ EVs produce significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional gas-powered vehicles.
    2. Reduce dependency on fossil fuels тАУ By encouraging EV adoption, the U.S. aims to reduce oil consumption and enhance energy independence.
    3. Support innovation and jobs тАУ Incentives for EVs stimulate growth in the auto industry, leading to new manufacturing plants, battery development, and high-tech jobs.
    4. Meet climate goals тАУ Federal and state governments aim to reach ambitious targets of net-zero carbon emissions by mid-century.

    How Much Is the EV Tax Credit Worth?

    The credit can be worth up to $7,500 for new EVs and up to $4,000 for used EVs, depending on eligibility factors.

    New EVs:

    Understanding How to Claim the EV Tax Credit on Taxes

    Maximum credit: $7,500

    The amount depends on whether the vehicle meets certain battery sourcing and assembly requirements.

    Used EVs:

    Maximum credit: $4,000 or 30% of the vehicle price (whichever is less).

    Applies to used EVs priced at $25,000 or less.

    This distinction was introduced by the Inflation Reduction Act, which made EVs more affordable for middle-class and first-time buyers.


    How the EV Tax Credit Works: Step-by-Step

    To fully understand the process, letтАЩs break it down step by step:

    1. Check Vehicle Eligibility

    Not all EVs qualify for the tax credit. Factors such as final assembly location, battery component sourcing, and manufacturer sales caps influence eligibility. The U.S. Department of Energy maintains an updated list of eligible vehicles.

    1. Check Income Eligibility

    The Inflation Reduction Act imposed income limits to ensure the credit benefits middle-class households:

    Individuals: Modified Adjusted Gross Income (MAGI) must be $150,000 or less.

    Heads of Household: MAGI must be $225,000 or less.

    Joint Filers: MAGI must be $300,000 or less.

    For used EVs:

    Individuals: Income must be $75,000 or less.

    Heads of Household: $112,500 or less.

    Joint Filers: $150,000 or less.

    1. Choose Between Point-of-Sale or Tax Return

    Point-of-sale (immediate credit): Starting in 2024, buyers can transfer their credit to the dealership, effectively lowering the purchase price.

    Tax return credit: If you prefer, you can still claim the credit when filing your federal tax return (IRS Form 8936).

    1. Claim the Credit

    If taken at the dealership, the credit reduces your upfront cost immediately.

    If claimed on your taxes, it reduces your federal tax liability for the year. For example, if you owe $6,000 in federal taxes and qualify for a $7,500 credit, your liability drops to zero (but you wonтАЩt get the extra $1,500 refunded).


    Vehicle Requirements for the Tax Credit

    Not every EV qualifies for the credit. Here are the key criteria:

    1. Final Assembly Location тАУ The vehicle must be assembled in North America.
    2. Battery Components тАУ To qualify for the full $7,500 credit, a portion of the battery components and critical minerals must be sourced from the U.S. or countries with free trade agreements.
    3. Price Caps тАУ

    SUVs, trucks, and vans: Must be under $80,000 MSRP.

    Sedans, hatchbacks, and other cars: Must be under $55,000 MSRP.

    1. Used EV Requirements тАУ Must be purchased from a licensed dealer, cost less than $25,000, and be at least 2 years old.

    Example Scenarios: How the EV Tax Credit Works

    LetтАЩs look at three different scenarios to understand the real-world application:

    Example 1: New Tesla Model Y Buyer

    Vehicle price: $54,000

    Filing status: Married couple, joint income $200,000

    Eligibility: Full $7,500 credit (vehicle qualifies, income under limit, price under cap).

    Outcome: Couple applies credit at dealership тЖТ pays $46,500 instead of $54,000.

    Example 2: Used Nissan Leaf Buyer

    Vehicle price: $18,000 (2019 model)

    Filing status: Single, income $60,000

    Eligibility: 30% of vehicle price or $4,000 (whichever is less). 30% of $18,000 = $5,400, so buyer gets $4,000.

    Outcome: Buyer effectively pays $14,000 for the vehicle.

    Example 3: Luxury EV Buyer

    Vehicle price: $95,000 (Luxury SUV)

    Filing status: Joint income $280,000

    Eligibility: Not eligible (price exceeds cap).

    Outcome: Buyer pays full price, no credit applied.


    The Difference Between a Tax Credit and a Tax Deduction

    A tax credit directly reduces the amount of tax you owe, while a tax deduction reduces the amount of taxable income. For example:

    $7,500 tax deduction тЖТ reduces taxable income by $7,500.

    $7,500 tax credit тЖТ reduces tax bill by $7,500.

    This makes the EV tax credit especially valuable, as it has a dollar-for-dollar impact on your tax bill.


    Common Misconceptions About the EV Tax Credit

    1. тАЬIтАЩll get a refund if my tax liability is lower than $7,500.тАЭ

    False. The credit is non-refundable, meaning it can only reduce your tax bill to zero.

    1. тАЬAll electric vehicles qualify.тАЭ

    Not true. Many luxury EVs or those not assembled in North America are excluded.

    1. тАЬLeased EVs donтАЩt qualify.тАЭ

    Leased EVs can still qualify, but the credit goes to the leasing company, which may pass savings on to the consumer through lower monthly payments.

    1. тАЬYou can claim multiple EV credits in one year.тАЭ

    You can claim credits for more than one qualifying EV purchase in the same year, but each vehicle must meet the requirements.


    How States Add Extra Incentives

    Beyond the federal tax credit, many U.S. states offer additional EV incentives:

    California тАУ Up to $7,500 rebate through the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP).

    Colorado тАУ State tax credit of up to $5,000 for new EV purchases.

    New Jersey тАУ Exempts EVs from state sales tax.

    New York тАУ Offers rebates up to $2,000 through the Drive Clean Rebate program.

    These incentives can be combined with the federal credit, significantly lowering the cost of EV ownership.


    Benefits of the EV Tax Credit Beyond Cost Savings

    1. Environmental impact тАУ Encourages lower emissions and better air quality.
    2. Technology adoption тАУ Promotes advanced battery research and clean technology.
    3. Job creation тАУ Stimulates domestic EV manufacturing and battery supply chains.
    4. Energy independence тАУ Reduces reliance on imported oil.

    Future of the EV Tax Credit

    The EV tax credit is evolving as governments and industries adjust to global climate targets. Some expected trends include:

    Stricter sourcing requirements тАУ More emphasis on U.S.-based or allied-country battery production.

    Point-of-sale expansion тАУ Nearly all EV buyers will soon be able to apply credits directly at dealerships.

    Phase-outs тАУ If EV adoption becomes widespread, credits may phase out or shift toward charging infrastructure.

    Possible adjustments for equity тАУ Future versions may provide bigger credits for middle- and low-income households.


    Conclusion

    The Electric Vehicle Tax Credit is one of the most powerful incentives driving the U.S. transition to clean energy transportation. By offering up to $7,500 for new EVs and up to $4,000 for used EVs, the credit makes EVs more affordable and accelerates adoption across the country.

    However, understanding how the credit works is essential. Not all EVs or buyers qualify, and factors such as income limits, vehicle price caps, and assembly requirements play a major role. With the introduction of point-of-sale credits in 2024, the process has become even more accessible for everyday Americans.

    If youтАЩre considering buying an EV in 2025, make sure to review eligibility requirements, check IRS and Department of Energy resources, and consult with your tax professional to maximize your benefits.

    Can I still get the EV tax credit if I lease a vehicle?

    Yes, but the credit goes to the leasing company (the legal owner of the vehicle). Some leasing companies pass on the savings by lowering your monthly payments.

    Do hybrids qualify for the EV tax credit?

    Only plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) qualify, provided they meet battery size and sourcing requirements. Standard hybrids without plug-in capability do not qualify.

    Can I claim both state and federal EV credits?

    Yes. Many states offer rebates, tax credits, or exemptions that can be stacked with the federal credit, significantly reducing the overall cost of an EV.

  • Dacia Spring: The Affordable Electric Car Revolutionizing Urban Mobility

    The automotive industry is undergoing a massive transformation as electric vehicles (EVs) take center stage in the global push toward sustainable mobility. Among the many EVs on the market, one car stands out for its unbeatable affordability, simplicity, and practicality: the Dacia Spring. Launched under the Renault GroupтАЩs Dacia brand, the Spring is often referred to as EuropeтАЩs most affordable electric car. It combines eco-friendly driving with budget-friendly ownership, making it an ideal option for city dwellers and first-time EV buyers.

    In this article, weтАЩll dive into everything you need to know about the Dacia SpringтАФits design, features, performance, charging capabilities, pros and cons, and why itтАЩs creating such a buzz in the EV market.


    The Birth of Dacia Spring: Affordable EV for Everyone

    When Dacia, a brand known for delivering budget-friendly yet reliable cars, decided to enter the electric market, expectations were sky-high. The companyтАЩs goal was simple: to provide an EV thatтАЩs accessible to the masses without compromising on the essentials. The Dacia Spring made its debut in 2021 and quickly became popular across Europe for its ultra-low price tag compared to other EVs.

    With governments promoting electric mobility through incentives and subsidies, the Spring has successfully attracted environmentally conscious buyers who also want to save money.


    Exterior Design: Compact but Stylish

    The Dacia Spring is designed as a small crossover, combining compact dimensions with SUV-inspired styling. Despite its budget-friendly nature, the car doesnтАЩt look cheap.

    • Front Look: It features a bold front grille with a diamond-shaped logo and sleek headlights.
    • Crossover Appeal: Raised ground clearance and rugged accents give it a crossover-like stance.
    • Urban Friendly Size: At just 3.7 meters long, the Spring is small enough for city parking while still offering decent interior space.

    Overall, the Spring is designed to appeal to younger buyers and city drivers who want practicality with a modern touch.


    Interior and Comfort: Simple yet Functional

    Inside, the Dacia Spring offers a minimalist interior. DonтАЩt expect luxury, but youтАЩll find everything you need for daily driving.

    • Seating: It can comfortably seat four passengers with surprising legroom for a compact EV.
    • Infotainment: Higher trims include a 7-inch touchscreen with Android Auto and Apple CarPlay compatibility.
    • Boot Space: With 290 liters of boot space (expandable when seats fold), itтАЩs more practical than many small hatchbacks.

    While the materials used are basic, the Spring delivers functionality over luxury, which aligns with its affordability promise.


    Performance: Designed for City Roads

    The Dacia Spring is not built for speed but for efficiency and city driving.

    • Motor: It comes with a modest 44 horsepower (65 hp in the facelifted model) electric motor.
    • Top Speed: Around 78 mph (125 km/h), enough for city and suburban driving.
    • Acceleration: 0тАУ100 km/h takes around 19 seconds, which is slow compared to rivals, but adequate for urban traffic.
    • Driving Experience: The car feels agile and easy to maneuver in tight city streets.

    This isnтАЩt a car for long highway commutes or performance enthusiastsтАФitтАЩs a city commuter built for affordability and practicality.


    Battery and Range: The Key Advantage

    One of the most important aspects of any EV is its range and charging capability.

    • Battery Size: 26.8 kWh lithium-ion battery.
    • Range: Up to 140 miles (230 km) on the WLTP cycle, which is ideal for daily commutes.
    • Charging Time:
      • 0тАУ80% in less than 1 hour using a DC fast charger.
      • Around 14 hours using a regular home plug.

    For most urban drivers, the Dacia SpringтАЩs range is more than enough for several days of commuting before needing a recharge.


    Safety Features

    Even though the Spring is a budget EV, Dacia has included essential safety features:

    • Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB)
    • Electronic Stability Control (ESC)
    • Rear Parking Sensors and Camera
    • Airbags for driver and passenger

    While it doesnтАЩt offer advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) like premium EVs, it covers the basics well.


    Price and Affordability: The Game-Changer

    The biggest selling point of the Dacia Spring is its price. It is marketed as EuropeтАЩs cheapest electric car, often costing half the price of rivals like the Renault Zoe or Peugeot e-208.

    With government subsidies and EV incentives, the final price becomes even more attractive. For budget-conscious buyers looking to enter the electric era, the Spring is an unmatched choice.


    Pros and Cons of Dacia Spring

    Like every car, the Dacia Spring has its strengths and weaknesses.

    Pros:

    • Most affordable EV in Europe
    • Compact size perfect for cities
    • Low running costs and maintenance
    • Eco-friendly with zero emissions
    • Surprisingly practical boot space

    Cons:

    • Slow acceleration and limited highway capability
    • Basic interior with no luxury features
    • Limited safety tech compared to rivals
    • Small battery not ideal for long trips

    Who Should Buy the Dacia Spring?

    The Dacia Spring is best suited for:

    • Urban drivers needing a small, efficient car
    • First-time EV buyers testing electric mobility
    • Environmentally conscious buyers on a budget
    • Families needing a second car for city use

    If you want a premium, high-performance EV for long-distance driving, this isnтАЩt the right fit. But for affordable, eco-friendly urban driving, the Dacia Spring is a perfect match.

    Dacia Spring Price and Where to Buy

    The Dacia Spring has earned its reputation as EuropeтАЩs most affordable electric car, and its pricing proves why itтАЩs such a game-changer.

    United Kingdom

    In the UK, the on-road price of the Dacia Spring starts at ┬г14,995 for the entry-level Expression 45 hp variant. The Expression 65 hp is priced at ┬г15,995, while the top-spec Extreme 65 hp comes in at ┬г16,995. Platforms like Carwow even offer discounts, bringing the price down to around ┬г11,991, making it an unbeatable bargain for budget EV buyers.
    ЁЯСЙ Buy from Dacia UK

    Ireland

    For Irish buyers, the Spring starts at тВм16,990 for the Expression 45 hp version (AC charging only). The Expression 65 hp, which also includes 30 kW DC charging, is priced at тВм18,490, and the Extreme 65 hp trim is available at тВм19,690. Financing options are also available, starting from as low as тВм99/month.
    ЁЯСЙ Check offers on Dacia Ireland

    Europe (General Market)

    Across most European countries, the base price of the Dacia Spring is around тВм17,300. Thanks to government subsidies and EV incentives, the final price can drop significantly. For instance, in Romania, buyers can own a Spring for as little as тВм11,900 after incentives.

    France

    In France, the Spring is listed from тВм18,690 before subsidies, with some regional offers starting at тВм16,900, depending on available incentives.


    Price Snapshot by Region

    RegionStarting Price (On-Road)
    UK┬г14,995 (Expression 45 hp)
    IrelandтВм16,990 (Expression 45 hp AC)
    Europe (Avg.)тВм17,300 (Essential model)
    RomaniaFrom тВм11,900 (after subsidies)
    FranceтВм18,690 (before incentives)

    How to Buy

    • Direct from Dacia Websites тАУ You can pre-order or buy directly through the official Dacia UK or Dacia Ireland websites with a small deposit.
    • Car Buying Platforms тАУ UK buyers can save thousands by purchasing through platforms like Carwow.
    • Local Dealers тАУ Most European Dacia dealerships list Spring models with financing or leasing options to make EV ownership easier.

    Conclusion

    The Dacia Spring is more than just an affordable electric carтАФitтАЩs a gateway to green mobility for everyday people. While it doesnтАЩt compete with high-performance EVs, it shines in its mission: to make electric driving accessible, practical, and budget-friendly.

    With growing demand for sustainable solutions, the Spring proves that you donтАЩt need to spend a fortune to join the electric revolution. For city dwellers and budget-conscious buyers, this little EV could very well be the perfect ride into the future.

    Q1. What is the range of the Dacia Spring?

    The Dacia Spring offers up to 140 miles (230 km) of range on a full charge, making it ideal for city and suburban driving.

    Q2. Is the Dacia Spring the cheapest electric car in Europe?

    Yes, the Dacia Spring is marketed as EuropeтАЩs most affordable electric car, making EV ownership accessible to more people.

    Q3. Is the Dacia Spring suitable for long trips?

    The Spring is mainly designed for urban use. While it can handle occasional highway trips, its small battery and limited power make it less suitable for long journeys.

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    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдХреЛ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдореАрдг рддрдерд╛ рд╢рд╣рд░реА рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердХреЛ рдорд╛рдЧ рджрд┐рдирдкреНрд░рддрд┐рджрд┐рди рдмрдвреНрджреИ рдЧрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╕рдбрдХ рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рдд, рдореЛрдЯрд░рд╕рд╛рдЗрдХрд▓, рдХрд╛рд░, рдмрд╕, рдЯреНрд░рдХрджреЗрдЦрд┐ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдХреГрд╖рд┐ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдгрд╕рдореНрдо рд╕рдмреИрд▓рд╛рдИ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓, рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд╡рд╛ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдХреЛ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рдкрд░реНрдЫред рдпрд╕реНрддреИ рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛рдорд╛ рдЧреБрдгрд╕реНрддрд░реАрдп рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рджрд┐рдиреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╕рдиреАрдп рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдкрдХреЛ рдЦреЛрдЬреА рд╣рд░реЗрдХ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдердорд┐рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред рдпрд╕реИ рд╕рдиреНрджрд░реНрднрдорд╛ рд▓рд▓рдордЯрд┐рдпрд╛, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдк рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд╣рд░реВрдорд╛рдЭ рдПрдХ рднрд░рдкрд░реНрджреЛ рдирд╛рдо рдмрдиреЗрдХреЛ рдЫред

    рдпрд╕ рд▓реЗрдЦрдорд╛ рд╣рд╛рдореА рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдкрдХреЛ рдареЗрдЧрд╛рдирд╛, рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рдПрдбреНрд░реЗрд╕ (Plus Code), Google Map Location, рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рд╣рд░реВ, рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рддрд╛ рд░ рдпрд╕рд▓реЗ рджрд┐рдиреЗ рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддреГрдд рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА рджрд┐рдиреЗрдЫреМрдБред


    ЁЯУН рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдкрдХреЛ рдареЗрдЧрд╛рдирд╛ рд░ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди

    • рдареЗрдЧрд╛рдирд╛ : рд▓рд▓рдордЯрд┐рдпрд╛ 22404, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓
    • рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рдПрдбреНрд░реЗрд╕ (Plus Code) : RQWH+PP Lalmatiya, Nepal
    • Google Map Location : [27.8468635, 82.7792741]

    рдпреЛ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рд▓рд▓рдордЯрд┐рдпрд╛рдХреЛ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░рд┐рдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рдкрд░реНрдЫ рдЬрд╕рд▓реЗ рдЧрд░реНрджрд╛ рд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреАрдп рдмрд╛рд╕рд┐рдиреНрджрд╛, рдпрд╛рддреНрд░реБ рддрдерд╛ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпреАрд╣рд░реВрд▓рд╛рдИ рд╕рдЬрд┐рд▓реИ рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред


    ЁЯМН Google Map рдорд╛рд░реНрдлрдд рд╕рд╣рдЬ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪ

    рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдк Google Map рдорд╛ рд╕реВрдЪреАрдХреГрдд рднрдПрдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╕рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдорд╛рд░реНрдЯрдлреЛрдирдорд╛ рдЗрдиреНрдЯрд░рдиреЗрдЯ рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛ рдЫ, рдЙрдирд▓реЗ тАЬShiv Shakti Petrol Pump, LalmatiyaтАЭ рдЦреЛрдЬреА рдЧрд░реНрджрд╛ рд╕рдЬрд┐рд▓реИ рд▓реЛрдХреЗрд╢рди рднреЗрдЯрд╛рдЙрди рд╕рдХреНрдЫрдиреНред

    Google Map Location:
    ЁЯСЙ 27.8468635, 82.7792741

    рдпрд╕рд▓реЗ рдпрд╛рддреНрд░реБ рд╡рд╛ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдЖрдЧрдиреНрддреБрдХрд▓рд╛рдИ рдмрд╛рдЯреЛ рднреБрд▓реНрдиреЗ рд╕рдореНрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рдХрдо рдЧрд░рд╛рдЙрдБрдЫ рд░ рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рднрд░реНрди рд╕рдЬрд┐рд▓реЛ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред


    тЫ╜ рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдкрдмрд╛рдЯ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рд╣реБрдиреЗ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рд╣рд░реВ

    1. рдЧреБрдгрд╕реНрддрд░реАрдп рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рд░ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓
      тАУ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдордмрд╛рдЯ рдЖрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдХрд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдЖрдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзред
      тАУ рдорд╛рдкрдирдорд╛ рдкрд╛рд░рджрд░реНрд╢рд┐рддрд╛ рд░ рдЧреБрдгрд╕реНрддрд░рдХреЛ рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдЧреНрдпрд╛рд░реЗрдиреНрдЯреАред
    2. рд╕рд╕реНрддреЛ рддрдерд╛ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╕реНрдкрд░реНрдзрд╛рддреНрдордХ рдореВрд▓реНрдп
      тАУ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рддреЛрдХреЗрдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзред
      тАУ рдЕрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрдд рд╢реБрд▓реНрдХ рдирд▓рд┐рдЗрдиреЗред
    3. рд╕рд╣рдЬ рднреБрдХреНрддрд╛рдиреА рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛
      тАУ рдирдЧрдж рднреБрдХреНрддрд╛рдиреАрд╕рдБрдЧреИ QR рд╕реНрдХреНрдпрд╛рди рд╡рд╛ рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗрдЯрдорд╛рд░реНрдлрдд рддрд┐рд░реНрди рд╕рдХрд┐рдиреЗ рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛ред
    4. рд╕рдЬрд┐рд▓реЛ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪ рд░ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдХрд┐рдЩ рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛
      тАУ рдЯреНрд░рдХ, рдмрд╕, рдХрд╛рд░, рдореЛрдЯрд░рд╕рд╛рдЗрдХрд▓ рд╕рдмреИ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░реА рд╕рд╛рдзрдирд▓рд╛рдИ рд╕рдЬрд┐рд▓реИ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛ред

    ЁЯМЯ рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдкрдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рддрд╛

    • рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░рд┐рдп рд╕реНрдерд╛рди : рд▓рд▓рдордЯрд┐рдпрд╛рдХреЛ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рд╕рдбрдХ рдХрд┐рдирд╛рд░рдорд╛ рднрдПрдХреЛрд▓реЗ рд╕рд╣рдЬ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪред
    • рдЗрдорд╛рдирджрд╛рд░ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ : рдорд╛рдкрди рд░ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрдорд╛ рдХреБрдиреИ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░рдХреЛ рдзреЛрдХрд╛ рдирдЧрд░реА рдЧреНрд░рд╛рд╣рдХрдореИрддреНрд░реА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ред
    • реирек/рен рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзрддрд╛ : рдпрд╛рддреНрд░реБ рд░ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпреАрд▓рд╛рдИ рджрд┐рдирд░рд╛рдд рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ред
    • Google Verified Location : Digital Address (Plus Code) рд╕рд╣рд┐рдд Google Map рдорд╛ рд╕реВрдЪреАрдХреГрддред
    • рд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреАрдп рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░реА рдкреНрд░рд╡рд░реНрджреНрдзрди : рд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреАрдп рдЬрдирд╢рдХреНрддрд┐рд▓рд╛рдИ рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░реА рджрд┐рдиреЗ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рдиред

    ЁЯЪШ рдпрд╛рддреНрд░реБ рд░ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпреАрдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рд▓рд╛рдн

    рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдк рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рднрд░реНрдиреЗ рдард╛рдЙрдБ рдорд╛рддреНрд░ рд╣реЛрдЗрди, рдпреЛ рдпрд╛рддреНрд░реБ рд░ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпреАрдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рд╕реБрд░рдХреНрд╖рд┐рдд, рднрд░рдкрд░реНрджреЛ рд░ рдЫрд┐рдЯреЛ рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рджрд┐рдиреЗ рдХреЗрдиреНрджреНрд░ рд╣реЛред

    • рд▓рд╛рдореЛ рдпрд╛рддреНрд░рд╛рдорд╛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рд╡рд╛ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд╕рдХрд┐рдПрд░ рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛ рдкрд░реНрдиреЗ рд╕рдореНрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рдХрдо рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред
    • рдЯреНрд░рд╛рдиреНрд╕рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпреАрдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдирд┐рдпрдорд┐рдд рдЖрдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐ред
    • рдХреГрд╖рдХрдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдХреГрд╖рд┐ рдЙрдкрдХрд░рдг рдЪрд▓рд╛рдЙрди рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд╕рд╣рдЬ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдзред

    ЁЯПЖ рдирд┐рд╖реНрдХрд░реНрд╖

    рд▓рд▓рдордЯрд┐рдпрд╛, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдк рд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреАрдп рддрдерд╛ рдмрд╛рд╣реНрдп рдпрд╛рддреНрд░реБрд╣рд░реВрдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рднрд░рдкрд░реНрджреЛ рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рдпрдХ рд╣реЛред рдареЗрдЧрд╛рдирд╛, Plus Code рд░ Google Map Location рдорд╛рд░реНрдлрдд рд╕рдЬрд┐рд▓реИ рдкреБрдЧреНрди рд╕рдХрд┐рдиреЗ рдпрд╕ рдкрдореНрдкрд▓реЗ рдЧреБрдгрд╕реНрддрд░реАрдп рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде, рдЗрдорд╛рдирджрд╛рд░ рдореВрд▓реНрдп, рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рднреБрдХреНрддрд╛рдиреА рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛ рд░ рд╕рд╣рдЬ рдкрд╣реБрдБрдЪ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдЧрд░реНрдЫред

    рдпрджрд┐ рддрдкрд╛рдИрдВ рд▓рд▓рдордЯрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╛ рдирдЬрд┐рдХреИрдХреЛ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рд╣реБрдиреБрд╣реБрдиреНрдЫ рднрдиреЗ, рдЖрдлреНрдиреЛ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░реАрд╕рд╛рдзрдирд▓рд╛рдИ рднрд░рдкрд░реНрджреЛ рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рдХреЛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдк рд░реЛрдЬреНрдиреБрд╣реЛрд╕реНред

    Q1. рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдк рдХрд╣рд╛рдБ рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рдЫ ?

    ЁЯСЙ рдпреЛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдк рд▓рд▓рдордЯрд┐рдпрд╛ 22404, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рдЫред рдпрд╕рдХреЛ Plus Code RQWH+PP Lalmatiya, Nepal рд╣реЛред

    Q2. рдХреЗ рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдк Google Map рдорд╛ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдЫ ?

    ЁЯСЙ рд╣реЛ, рддрдкрд╛рдИрдВ Google Map рдорд╛ 27.8468635, 82.7792741 рд▓реЛрдХреЗрд╢рдирдорд╛рд░реНрдлрдд рд╕рдЬрд┐рд▓реИ рдкреБрдЧреНрди рд╕рдХреНрдиреБрд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред

    Q3. рд╢рд┐рд╡ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдкрдореНрдкрдорд╛ рдХреБрдитАУрдХреБрди рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рд╣рд░реВ рдкрд╛рдЗрдиреНрдЫ ?

    ЁЯСЙ рдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓, рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓, рдбрд┐рдЬрд┐рдЯрд▓ рднреБрдХреНрддрд╛рдиреА рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛, рдареВрд▓реЛ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░реАрд╕рд╛рдзрдирдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдХрд┐рдЩ рд╕реБрд╡рд┐рдзрд╛ рд░ рдкрд╛рд░рджрд░реНрд╢реА рдорд╛рдкрди рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рд╣рд░реВ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдЫрдиреНред

  • реирежреореи рдХреЛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рджрд░ рдЕрдкрдбреЗрдЯ: рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдорд╣рдБрдЧреЛ, рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓ рд╕рд╕реНрддреЛ тАУ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╡рд┐рд╡рд░рдг

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдирдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдлреЗрд░рд┐ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд╣рд░реВрд▓реЗ рджрд┐рдирд╣реБрдБ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓, рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓, рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓, рд╡рд┐рдорд╛рди рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рд░ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдкрдХрд╛рдЙрдиреЗ рдЧреНрдпрд╛рд╕ (LPG) рдЬрд╕реНрддрд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдирд╣рд░реВ рд╣рд╛рдореНрд░реЛ рдЬреАрд╡рдирд╢реИрд▓реАрд╕рдБрдЧ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рд╕рдореНрдмрдиреНрдзрд┐рдд рдЫрдиреНред рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдмрдвреНрджрд╛ рд╡рд╛ рдШрдЯреНрджрд╛ рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рдд рдЦрд░реНрдЪрджреЗрдЦрд┐ рд▓рд┐рдПрд░ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдЧреНрдп рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрд╕рдореНрдо рдЕрд╕рд░ рдкрд░реНрдЫред рддреНрдпрд╕реИрд▓реЗ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ (NOC) рдШреЛрд╖рдгрд╛ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рджрд░рд▓реЗ рд▓рд╛рдЦреМрдВ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рдХреЛ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рдЦрд┐рдЪреНрдиреЗ рдЧрд░реНрджрдЫред

    рдпрд╕ рдкрдЯрдХрдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╕рдБрдЧреИ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдорд╣рдБрдЧрд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдЫ рднрдиреЗ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдорд╛ рднрдиреЗ рдХреЗрд╣реА рд░рд╛рд╣рдд рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдЙрдкрддреНрдпрдХрд╛рдмрд╛рдЯ рд╕реБрджреВрд░ рдкрд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдорд╕рдореНрдо рдлрд░рдХтАУрдлрд░рдХ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдХрд╛ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рдг рдЧрд░рд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдЕрдм рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддреГрдд рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рджрд░, рдпрд╕рдХреЛ рдХрд╛рд░рдг, рд░ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рдорд╛рдерд┐ рдкрд░реНрдиреЗ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдЪрд░реНрдЪрд╛ рдЧрд░реМрдВред


    рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐рдГ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдЕрдЭреИ рдорд╣рдБрдЧреЛ

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдЯ резрем, реирежреореи рдмрд╛рдЯ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рдЧрд░реА рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрдорд╛ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рд░реБ. реи рд▓реЗ рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдЫред

    рдпрд╕рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░:

    • рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдбреМрдБ, рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛, рджрд┐рдкрд╛рдпрд▓ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрддрдХрд╛ рд╢рд╣рд░рдорд╛ рдЕрдм рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рд░реБ. резремрез рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░рдорд╛ рдмрд┐рдХреНрд░реА рд╣реБрдиреЗ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред
    • рдкрд╣рд┐рд▓реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рд╣рд░реВ (рдЬрд╕реНрддреИ рд╡рд┐рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░, рдЬрдирдХрдкреБрд░, рдЕрдорд▓реЗрдЦрдЧрдЮреНрдЬ, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдЧрдиреНрдЬ, рдзрдирдЧрдвреА, рд╡реАрд░рдЧрдЮреНрдЬ) рдорд╛ рд░реБ. резрелрео.релреж рдХрд╛рдпрдо рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред
    • рджреЛрд╕реНрд░реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рд╣рд░реВ (рдЬрд╕реНрддреИ рджрд╛рдЩ рд░ рд╕реБрд░реНрдЦреЗрдд) рдорд╛ рднрдиреЗ рд░реБ. резремреж рдХрд╛рдпрдо рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред

    рдпреЛ рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рд╕рд╛рдиреЛ рджреЗрдЦрд┐рдП рдкрдирд┐ рдпрд╛рддреНрд░реБ рд░ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпрд┐рдХ рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рдд рджреБрд╡реИрдорд╛ рдердк рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рдмреЛрдЭ рдкрд░реНрдиреЗ рдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рдЫред рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЖрд╡рддтАУрдЬрд╛рд╡рдд рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдХрд░реНрдордЪрд╛рд░реА, рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд░реНрдереА рддрдерд╛ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпреАрд╣рд░реВрд▓рд╛рдИ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡ рдкрд░реНрдиреЗрдЫред


    рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдорд╛ рд░рд╛рд╣рддрдГ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдШрдЯреНрдпреЛ

    рд╕рд╛рдереИ, рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд▓рд╛рдИ рдХреЗрд╣реА рд░рд╛рд╣рдд рджрд┐рдиреЗ рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдпрд▓реЗ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рд░реБ. рез рд▓реЗ рдШрдЯрд╛рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред

    рдирдпрд╛рдБ рджрд░ рдпрд╕реНрддреЛ рдЫрдГ

    • рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдбреМрдБ, рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛, рджрд┐рдкрд╛рдпрд▓рдорд╛ рд░реБ. резрекреп рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░
    • рдкрд╣рд┐рд▓реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧрдорд╛ рд░реБ. резрекрем.релреж рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░
    • рджреЛрд╕реНрд░реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧрдорд╛ рд░реБ. резрекрео рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░

    рдпрд╕рд░реА рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓ рд╕рд╕реНрддреЛ рд╣реБрдиреБ рднрдиреЗрдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рдд, рдорд╛рд▓рд╡рд╛рд╣рди, рдХреГрд╖рд┐ рддрдерд╛ рдШрд░реЗрд▓реБ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧрдорд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рдЗрдиреНрдзрдирдорд╛ рдХреЗрд╣реА рд░рд╛рд╣рдд рдорд┐рд▓реНрдиреБ рд╣реЛред рдпрджреНрдпрдкрд┐ рд░реБ. рез рдХреЛ рдХрдЯреМрддреАрд▓реЗ рдареВрд▓реЛ рдлрд░рдХ рдирдкрд╛рд░реЗ рдкрдирд┐ рджреАрд░реНрдШрдХрд╛рд▓реАрди рд╣рд┐рд╕рд╛рдмрд▓реЗ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреЗрд╣реА рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рднрд╛рд░ рдХрдо рднрдПрдХреЛ рдорд╣рд╕реБрд╕ рдЧрд░реНрди рд╕рдХреНрдЫрдиреНред


    рд╡рд┐рдорд╛рди рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рд░ рдЧреНрдпрд╛рд╕рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕реНрдерд┐рд░

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдпрд╕рдкрдЯрдХ рд╡рд┐рдорд╛рди рдЗрдиреНрдзрди (ATF) рд░ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдкрдХрд╛рдЙрдиреЗ рдЧреНрдпрд╛рд╕ (LPG) рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрдорд╛ рднрдиреЗ рдХреБрдиреИ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдЫреИрдиред

    рд╡рд┐рдорд╛рди рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рд╕реНрдерд┐рд░ рд░рд╣рдБрджрд╛ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдЙрдбрд╛рди рднрд╛рдбрд╛рдорд╛ рддрддреНрдХрд╛рд▓ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдкрд░реНрди рд╕рдХреНрджреИрдиред рдЙрддрд╛ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдкрдХрд╛рдЙрдиреЗ рдЧреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рд╕реНрдерд┐рд░ рд░рд╣рдиреБ рднрдиреЗ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рдХрд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧрд┐ рд░рд╛рд╣рддрдХреЛ рдХреБрд░рд╛ рд╣реЛ, рдХрд┐рдирднрдиреЗ рдЧреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдпрдГ рд╕рдмреИ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд╛рд░рдХреЛ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЬреАрд╡рдирдХреЛ рдЕрдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд░реНрдп рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рд╣реЛред


    рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рдг рдХрд┐рди рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫ?

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд▓реЗ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдирд╣рд░реВ рдЖрдлреНрдиреИ рджреЗрд╢рдорд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдЧрд░реНрджреИрдиред рд╣рд╛рдореАрд▓реЗ рднрд╛рд░рддрдХреЛ Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) рдмрд╛рдЯ рдЖрдпрд╛рдд рдЧрд░реНрдЫреМрдВред

    рддреНрдпрд╕реИрд▓реЗ:

    • рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рддреЗрд▓рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдШрдЯрдмрдв,
    • рдЕрдореЗрд░рд┐рдХреА рдбрд▓рд░рдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рдирд┐рдордп рджрд░рдорд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди,
    • рдвреБрд╡рд╛рдиреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд,
    • рднрд╛рд░рддрдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдиреАрддрд┐

    рдпреА рд╕рдмреИ рдХреБрд░рд╛рд▓реЗ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдордХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рдгрд▓рд╛рдИ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рдЧрд░реНрдЫред

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ резрел рджрд┐рдирдорд╛ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдкрдХреНрд╖рдмрд╛рдЯ рдЖрдЙрдиреЗ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕реВрдЪреА (Price List) рдХрд╛ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рджрд░ рддреЛрдХреНрдиреЗ рдЧрд░реНрджрдЫред


    рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рдорд╛рдерд┐ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡

    рез. рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рдд рднрд╛рдбрд╛ рдмрдвреНрдиреЗ рд╕рдореНрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛
    рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдорд╣рдБрдЧреЛ рднрдПрдкрдЫрд┐ рдЯреНрдпрд╛рдХреНрд╕реА, рдореЛрдЯрд░рд╕рд╛рдЗрдХрд▓, рдирд┐рдЬреА рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░реА рдЪрд╛рд▓рдХрд▓рд╛рдИ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдЧрд░реНрдЫред рджреАрд░реНрдШрдХрд╛рд▓реАрди рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рдд рднрд╛рдбрд╛рдорд╛ рдкрдирд┐ рджрдмрд╛рдм рдкрд░реНрди рд╕рдХреНрдЫред

    реи. рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд╕рд╕реНрддреЛ рд╣реБрдБрджрд╛ рдорд╛рд▓рд╡рд╛рд╣рдирдорд╛ рд░рд╛рд╣рдд
    рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдШрдЯреНрджрд╛ рдорд╛рд▓рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рди рдвреБрд╡рд╛рдиреА рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рдХреЗрд╣реА рдХрдо рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред рдпрд╕рд▓реЗ рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдЧреНрдп рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рд░реЛрдХреНрди рд╕рдШрд╛рдЙрди рд╕рдХреНрдЫред

    рей. рдХреГрд╖рд┐ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡
    рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓рдорд╛ рдЪрд▓реНрдиреЗ рдЯреНрд░реНрдпрд╛рдХреНрдЯрд░, рдереНрд░реЗрд╕рд░, рд╕рд┐рдВрдЪрд╛рдЗ рдкрдореНрдк рдЖрджрд┐рдХреЛ рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рдХреЗрд╣реА рдХрдо рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред рдпрд╕рд▓реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕рд╛рдирд▓рд╛рдИ рдереЛрд░реИ рднрдП рдкрдирд┐ рд░рд╛рд╣рдд рджрд┐рдиреЗрдЫред

    рек. рдорд╣рдБрдЧреЛ рдЬреАрд╡рдирд╢реИрд▓реА рдЕрдЭреИ рдирд┐рд░рдиреНрддрд░
    рдпрджреНрдпрдкрд┐ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрди рд╕рд╛рдиреЛ рджреЗрдЦрд┐рдП рдкрдирд┐ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдЬрд╕реНрддреЛ рдЖрдпрд╛рддрдорд╛ рдирд┐рд░реНрднрд░ рдореБрд▓реБрдХрдорд╛ рд╕рд╛рдиреЛ рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рд╡рд╛ рдХрдЯреМрддреАрд▓реЗ рдкрдирд┐ рд▓рд╛рдореЛ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдЫред


    рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ рддрд╛рд▓рд┐рдХрд╛

    рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ / рд╡рд░реНрдЧрдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп (рд░реБ. рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░)
    рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдбреМрдБ, рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛, рджрд┐рдкрд╛рдпрд▓резремрез
    рдкрд╣рд┐рд▓реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ (рд╡рд┐рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░ рдЖрджрд┐)резрелрео.релреж
    рджреЛрд╕реНрд░реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ (рджрд╛рдЩ, рд╕реБрд░реНрдЦреЗрдд)резремреж
    рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓/рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдбреМрдБ, рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛, рджрд┐рдкрд╛рдпрд▓резрекреп
    рдкрд╣рд┐рд▓реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧрезрекрем.релреж
    рджреЛрд╕реНрд░реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧрезрекрео
    рд╡рд┐рдорд╛рди рдЗрдиреНрдзрдирд╕рдмреИ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рд╕реНрдерд┐рд░рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рдЫреИрди
    LPG (рдЧреНрдпрд╛рд╕)рд╕рдмреИ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рд╕реНрдерд┐рд░рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рдЫреИрди

    рдирд┐рд╖реНрдХрд░реНрд╖

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓ рдорд╣рдБрдЧреЛ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫ рднрдиреЗ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓ рдХреЗрд╣реА рд╕рд╕реНрддреЛ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╡рд┐рдорд╛рди рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рд░ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдкрдХрд╛рдЙрдиреЗ рдЧреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рд╕реНрдерд┐рд░ рдиреИ рдЫрдиреНред рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдШрдЯрдмрдв рд╕рдзреИрдВ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдЬрд╛рд░ рд░ рд╡рд┐рдирд┐рдордп рджрд░рд╕рдБрдЧреИ рдЬреЛрдбрд┐рдПрдХреЛ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд▓реЗ рддрддреНрдХрд╛рд▓реАрди рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рд╕рд╕реНрддреЛ рд╡рд╛ рдорд╣рдБрдЧреЛ рдорд╣рд╕реБрд╕ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рднрдП рдкрдирд┐ рджреАрд░реНрдШрдХрд╛рд▓реАрди рджреГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐рдХреЛрдгрд▓реЗ рдЗрдиреНрдзрди рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕реНрдерд┐рд░ рд░рд╛рдЦреНрдиреЗ рдЪреБрдиреМрддреА рдЕрдЭреИ рдареВрд▓реЛ рдЫред

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рд╕рдордп рд╕рдордпрдорд╛ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрдирд▓рд╛рдИ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛ рднрдиреЗрд░ рдмреБрдЭреНрдиреБрдкрд░реНрдЫред

    рез. рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдХрд╣рд┐рд▓реЗ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рднрдПрдХреЛ рд╣реЛ?

    рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдЯ резрем, реирежреореи рдмрд╛рдЯ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рджрд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рднрдПрдХреЛ рд╣реЛред

    реи.рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдЯ резрем, реирежреореи рдмрд╛рдЯ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рджрд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рднрдПрдХреЛ рд╣реЛред

    рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдХреЛ рджрд░, рдбрд▓рд░рдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рдирд┐рдордп рджрд░, рдвреБрд╡рд╛рдиреА рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рд░ рднрд╛рд░рддрдмрд╛рдЯ рдЖрдпрд╛рдд рдореВрд▓реНрдпрдорд╛ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрдирд▓реЗ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдЧрд░реНрдЫред

    рей. рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рдХреЛ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдХрд╕реНрддреЛ рдЫ?

    рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдбреМрдБ, рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд░ рджрд┐рдкрд╛рдпрд▓рдорд╛ рд░реБ. резремрез, рдкрд╣рд┐рд▓реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рд░реБ. резрелрео.релреж рд░ рджреЛрд╕реНрд░реЛ рд╡рд░реНрдЧ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рд░реБ. резремреж рдХрд╛рдпрдо рдЫред

  • ЁЯЪЧЁЯФе рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдЧрд░реНрдпреЛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрди : рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рджрд░ резрел рдФрдВ рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдЯрджреЗрдЦрд┐ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдлреЗрд░рд┐ рдПрдХрдкрдЯрдХ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрдорд╛ рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрди рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдЫред рд╣рд╛рд▓реИрдХреЛ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЙрддрд╛рд░тАУрдЪрдврд╛рд╡рд▓рд╛рдИ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдорд╛рдиреЗрд░ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ резрел рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдЯ реирежреирел (реирежренрео рд╕рд╛рдЙрди рейреж рдЧрддреЗ) рдмрд╛рдЯ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рдЧрд░реА рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рджрд░ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рд╣реЛред рдпрд╕ рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрдирд▓реЗ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд▓рд╛рдИ рдХреЗрд╣реА рд░рд╛рд╣рдд рдд рджрд┐рдиреЗрдЫ рддрд░ рдЕрдЭреИ рдкрдирд┐ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдЙрдЪреНрдЪ рдиреИ рд░рд╣рдБрджрд╛ рдЬрдирдЬреАрд╡рдирдорд╛ рдпрд╕рдХреЛ рдЕрд╕рд░ рджреЗрдЦрд┐рдиреЗрдЫред


    тЬи рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрдирдХреЛ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдХрд╛рд░рдг

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдЖрдпрд▓ рдХрд░реНрдкреЛрд░реЗрд╢рди (IOC) рдмрд╛рдЯ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде рдЦрд░рд┐рдж рдЧрд░реНрдЫред рдкрдЫрд┐рд▓реНрд▓рд╛ рджрд┐рдирдорд╛ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рдХреНрд░реВрдб рдЖрдпрд▓рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрдорд╛ рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рджреЗрдЦрд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рддреНрдпрд╕рдХреИ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рднрд╛рд░рддрд▓реЗ рдкрдирд┐ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдВрд╢реЛрдзрди рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдЫ рд░ рд╕реЛрд╣реА рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рджрд░ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рдЧрд░реНрди рдмрд╛рдзреНрдп рднрдПрдХреЛ рд╣реЛред

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рддреЗрд▓ рдЖрдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐ рдкреВрд░реИ рдЖрдпрд╛рддрдорд╛ рднрд░ рдкрд░реНрдЫред рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рд╕рд╛рдиреЛ рдЙрддрд╛рд░рдЪрдврд╛рд╡ рднрдП рдкрдирд┐ рдпрд╕рдХреЛ рд╕реАрдзрд╛ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓реА рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рдорд╛ рдкрд░реНрдЫред рдпрд╣реА рдХрд╛рд░рдгрд▓реЗ рдЧрд░реНрджрд╛ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдкрдЯрдХтАУрдкрдЯрдХ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдВрд╢реЛрдзрди рдЧрд░реНрджреИ рдЖрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред


    ЁЯЫв рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рджрд░

    реирежренрео/режрек/рейреж рдЧрддреЗ рд░рд╛рддрд┐ резреи:режреж рдмрдЬреЗрджреЗрдЦрд┐ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рдирд┐рдЧрдордХреЛ рдирд┐рд░реНрдгрдпрдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердХреЛ рдЦреБрджреНрд░рд╛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдпрд╕рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рд░рд╣реЗрдХреЛ рдЫ :

    рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердкреБрд░рд╛рдиреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп (рд░реБ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐.)рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп (рд░реБ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рд▓рд┐.)
    рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓174.50176.50
    рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓/рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓161.00162.00

    ЁЯСЙ рдпрд╕рд░реА рд╣реЗрд░реНрджрд╛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рдорд╛ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рд░реБ. реи рд░ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рддрдерд╛ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдорд╛ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рд░реБ. рез рдорд╛рддреНрд░ рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред


    ЁЯУН рдХреБрдитАУрдХреБрди рд╕реНрдерд╛рдирдорд╛ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫ ?

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдордХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдпреЛ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рджрд░ рдореБрд▓реБрдХрднрд░ рдПрдХреИрд╕рд╛рде рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реБрдиреЗрдЫред рддрд░ рднреМрдЧреЛрд▓рд┐рдХ рдЕрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛рд▓рд╛рдИ рдзреНрдпрд╛рдирдорд╛ рд░рд╛рдЦреА рдХреЗрд╣реА рдард╛рдЙрдБрдорд╛ рдвреБрд╡рд╛рдиреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрддрдХрд╛ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдлрд░рдХтАУрдлрд░рдХ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред

    • рдХрд╛рдардорд╛рдбреМрдВ, рд╡рд┐рд░рд╛рдЯрдирдЧрд░, рднреИрд░рд╣рд╡рд╛, рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдЧрдЮреНрдЬ, рдЕрдорд▓реЗрдЦрдЧрдЮреНрдЬ, рдкреЛрдЦрд░рд╛ рд░ рдзрд░рд╛рдирдорд╛ рд╕реЛрд╣реА рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред
    • рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╕реНрдерд╛рдирдорд╛ рдвреБрд╡рд╛рдиреА рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рдердкрд┐рдиреЗ рднрдПрдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рддреНрдпрд╣рд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдХреЗрд╣реА рдмрдвреНрди рд╕рдХреНрдЫред

    ЁЯМН рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐рд▓реЗ рдЬрдирдЬреАрд╡рдирдорд╛ рдкрд╛рд░реНрдиреЗ рдЕрд╕рд░

    рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде рд╣рд╛рдореНрд░реЛ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЬреАрд╡рдирд╕рдБрдЧ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдЬреЛрдбрд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рддрджреЗрдЦрд┐ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрд╕рдореНрдо рд╕рдмреИ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░рдорд╛ рдпрд╕рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдмрдвреНрджрд╛ рдпрд╕рдХрд╛ рдХреЗрд╣реА рдЕрд╕рд░рд╣рд░реВ рдпрд╕рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдЫрдиреН :

    1. рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рдд рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рдмрдвреНрдиреЗ тАУ рдмрд╕, рдЯреНрдпрд╛рдХреНрд╕реА рд░ рдорд╛рд▓рд╡рд╛рд╣рдХ рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░реАрдХреЛ рднрд╛рдбрд╛рдорд╛ рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рд╕рдореНрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред
    2. рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ тАУ рдвреБрд╡рд╛рдиреА рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рдмрдвреЗрдХреИ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рдЦрд╛рджреНрдпрд╛рдиреНрдирджреЗрдЦрд┐ рд▓рддреНрддрд╛рдХрдкрдбрд╛рд╕рдореНрдо рдорд╣рдБрдЧреЛ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рд╕рдореНрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред
    3. рдФрджреНрдпреЛрдЧрд┐рдХ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрдирдорд╛ рдЕрд╕рд░ тАУ рдЙрджреНрдпреЛрдЧтАУрд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕рд╛рдпрдорд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓рдХреЛ рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рдмрдвреНрджрд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рд▓рд╛рдЧрдд рдмрдвреНрдиреЗрдЫред
    4. рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рдорд╛ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рджрдмрд╛рдм тАУ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рдирд╛рдЧрд░рд┐рдХрдХреЛ рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЦрд░реНрдЪрдорд╛ рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдкрд░реНрдиреЗрдЫред

    тЬЕ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреЗ рдЧрд░реНрди рд╕рдХреНрдЫрдиреН ?

    рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рднрдП рдкрдирд┐ рд╣рд╛рдореАрд▓реЗ рдХреЗрд╣реА рдЙрдкрд╛рдп рдЕрдкрдирд╛рдП рджреИрдирд┐рдХ рдЬреАрд╡рдирдорд╛ рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рдШрдЯрд╛рдЙрди рд╕рдХреНрдЫреМрдВ :

    • рдирд┐рдЬреА рд╕рд╡рд╛рд░реАрднрдиреНрджрд╛ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдпрд╛рддрд╛рдпрд╛рдд рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗред
    • рдЫреЛрдЯреЛ рджреВрд░реАрдорд╛ рдкреИрджрд▓ рд╡рд╛ рд╕рд╛рдЗрдХрд▓ рдкреНрд░рдпреЛрдЧ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗред
    • рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдмрдЪрдд рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдмрд╛рдиреА рдмрд╕рд╛рд▓реНрдиреЗред
    • рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдирд┐рд░реНрдгрдпрдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдЬрдирдЪреЗрддрдирд╛ рдЬрдЧрд╛рдЙрдиреЗ рд░ рдкрд╛рд░рджрд░реНрд╢рд┐рддрд╛ рдорд╛рдЧ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗред

    ЁЯПЫ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░ рд░ рдирд┐рдЧрдордХреЛ рднреВрдорд┐рдХрд╛

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрди рдЧрд░реНрджрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдпрдГ рдЖрд▓реЛрдЪрдирд╛ рд╣реБрдиреЗ рдЧрд░реНрдЫред рдЙрдкрднреЛрдХреНрддрд╛рд▓реЗ рддрддреНрдХрд╛рд▓реИ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рдорд╣рд╕реБрд╕ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рднрдП рдкрдирд┐ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдШрдЯреНрджрд╛ рддреНрдпрд╕реНрддреЛ рд░рд╛рд╣рдд рдкреНрд░рд╖реНрдЯ рд░реВрдкрдорд╛ рдирджреЗрдЦрд┐рдиреЗ рдЧреБрдирд╛рд╕реЛ рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рдЧрд░реНрдЫрдиреНред рддреНрдпрд╕реИрд▓реЗ :

    • рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рд╕рдордпрдореИ рд╕реВрдЪрдирд╛ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдЧрд░реНрдиреБрдкрд░реНрдЫред
    • рдкрд╛рд░рджрд░реНрд╢рд┐рддрд╛ рдХрд╛рдпрдо рдЧрд░реА рдЦрд░рд┐рдж рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд░ рдвреБрд╡рд╛рдиреА рдЦрд░реНрдЪрдХреЛ рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рд╡рд┐рд╡рд░рдг рджрд┐рдиреБрдкрд░реНрдЫред
    • рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░рдХреЛ рддрд░реНрдлрдмрд╛рдЯ рд╡реИрдХрд▓реНрдкрд┐рдХ рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рд╕реНрд░реЛрддрдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рд╡рд░реНрджреНрдзрди рдЧрд░реНрдиреБрдкрд░реНрдЫред

    ЁЯФС рдирд┐рд╖реНрдХрд░реНрд╖

    рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдорд▓реЗ рдЧрд░реЗрдХреЛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╕рдорд╛рдпреЛрдЬрди рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рднрдП рдкрдирд┐ рдпрд╕рдХреЛ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдЬрдирдЬреАрд╡рдирдорд╛ рдареВрд▓реЛ рд╣реБрдиреНрдЫред рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓, рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдХреЛ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдХреНрд░рдорд╢рдГ резренрем.релреж рд░ резремреи рд░реБрдкреИрдпрд╛рдБ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред рдпрджреНрдпрдкрд┐ рдпреЛ рд╡реГрджреНрдзрд┐ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдЬрд╛рд░ рд░ рдЖрдпрд╛рддрдорд╛ рдирд┐рд░реНрднрд░ рднрдПрдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд▓реЗ рд╡реИрдХрд▓реНрдкрд┐рдХ рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛рдорд╛ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рджрд┐рди рдЬрд░реБрд░реА рдЫред

    1. рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рдХреЛ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдХрддрд┐ рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫ?

    ЁЯСЙ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓ рдЖрдпрд▓ рдирд┐рдЧрдордХреЛ рдирд┐рд░реНрдгрдпрдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ резрел рдЕрдЧрд╕реНрдЯ реирежреирел рджреЗрдЦрд┐ рд▓рд╛рдЧреВ рд╣реБрдиреЗрдЧрд░реА рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рдХреЛ рдЦреБрджреНрд░рд╛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рд░реБ. резренрем.релреж рдХрд╛рдпрдо рдЧрд░рд┐рдПрдХреЛ рдЫред

    2. рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓рдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдпрдорд╛ рдХрддрд┐ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫ?

    ЁЯСЙ рдбрд┐рдЬреЗрд▓ рд░ рдордЯреНрдЯрд┐рддреЗрд▓ рджреБрд╡реИрдХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд▓рд┐рдЯрд░ рд░реБ. рез рд▓реЗ рдмрдвреЗрдХреЛ рдЫ рд░ рдирдпрд╛рдБ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд░реБ. резремреи.режреж рдХрд╛рдпрдо рднрдПрдХреЛ рдЫред

    3. рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрдердХреЛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдХрд┐рди рдмрд╛рд░рдореНрдмрд╛рд░ рдмрдвреНрдЫ?

    ЁЯСЙ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рд▓реЗ рдкреЗрдЯреНрд░реЛрд▓рд┐рдпрдо рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде рднрд╛рд░рддрдорд╛рд░реНрдлрдд рдЖрдпрд╛рдд рдЧрд░реНрдиреЗ рднрдПрдХрд╛рд▓реЗ рдЕрдиреНрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░рд┐рдп рдмрдЬрд╛рд░рдорд╛ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдмрдвреНрджрд╛ рд╡рд╛ рдШрдЯреНрджрд╛ рддреНрдпрд╕рдХреЛ рд╕реАрдзрд╛ рдЕрд╕рд░ рдиреЗрдкрд╛рд▓рдорд╛ рдкрд░реНрдЫред рдвреБрд╡рд╛рдиреА рдЦрд░реНрдЪ рд░ рд╡рд┐рдирд┐рдордп рджрд░рд▓реЗ рдкрдирд┐ рдореВрд▓реНрдп рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рдгрдорд╛ рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рднреВрдорд┐рдХрд╛ рдЦреЗрд▓реНрдЫред